Compare and Contrast the Courage Theme in The kite runner and The life Essay

Compare and Contrast the Courage Theme in The kite runner and The life of Pi - Essay Example The Kite Runner is a story revolving around family, friendship, betrayal, and salvation.  This is a story of a young boy, Amir, who moves to America together with his father Baba after their servants- Ali and his son Hassan- left their home. Baba tries hard to make life possible in America. After his father falling sick for some time and dies, leaving him married and forced back to Afghanistan by a family friend where he realizes that Hassan is his half- brother, a secret kept from him by his father. During massacre, Hassan and his wife died leaving a son who lived with Amir and his wife in America later on. In this paper, the courage theme in both the Life of Pi and the Kite Runner, exploring how the two stories relate is my major concern. Seeking redemption, love and tension between father and son and the persistence of the past are the major themes in the Kite Runner. Themes in the life of pie are the nature of religious belief and the will to survive. The two stories relate in various ways especially when comparing the themes. For instance, the religious factor is inevitable in the two stories. In the Kite Runner, one of the courage themes is search for redemption. This is evidenced by Amir’s departure to America in order to start a new life with the aim of being born again, to leave behind sins and suffering and find a life full of freedom and finding forgiveness. Hassan’s death has really affected him and he thinks that this is the only way to let go off his past. Similarly, in the Life of Pi, religion is a common aspect. Pi was born in Hinduism. According to BookCaps, BookCaps Study Guides Staff, Pi does not forget about religious beliefs when he survives from the boat as he â€Å"modifies his rituals to work for him in his current state† (Life of Pi 7). This implies that, all his life since childhood, he gave religion first priority and will stick to it always no matter what difficulty comes his way. The aspect of the â€Å"survi val for the fittest† also characterizes both stories. Pi’s survival from the lifeboat was so miraculous because he was stuck there with a tiger, zebra, and hyena. The time he spent in the lifeboat was very strenuous and had to come up with proper strategy in order to survive. Although he was a vegetarian, the only way he had to adopt in order to survive and move on with his journey was to feed on what was available, which was fish. Pi also had to restrict himself to the safest places of the boat (â€Å"BookCaps, BookCaps Study Guides Staff,† Life of Pi 6). Sobra is also a survivor. After his parents’ death due to massacre, he manages to escape narrowly from the massacre and in the end finds a safer place to stay with his stepfather, Amir. There is the father- son relationship in both stories. Pi’s father developed a good relationship with his two sons. BookCaps, BookCaps Study Guides Staff states that they were taught zoo keeping since their father was a renowned zookeeper in India. He loved and cared for them so much and they left India together as a family to Canada (Life of Pi 6). Additionally, BookCaps, BookCaps Study Guides Staff narrates that Amir loved Baba even though they sometimes had differences with him and he thinks that he lives his life to his father’s expectations. After father’s death in America, he came back to Afghanistan but he finds life challenged by his pas deed and so he decides to leave again to America where he also fathered Hassan’

Aquafiers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Aquafiers - Essay Example A lot of our water supply comes from water wells that are drilled deep down into the aquifers. We need these aquifers to stay unpolluted in order to continue to enjoy them. Sadly a number of new techniques threaten the safety of aquifers. In The whole Fracking Enchilada by Sandra Steingraber, the author discusses how natural gas is extracted from shale. The process can be very destructive to the environment. We have to be mindful of this in the future as we continue to try to meet our energy needs while preserving the quality of our environment and drinking supply. Clean coal is another new technology that tries to reduce the impact on the environment. It is used to capture carbon emitted from the process. It is important to reduce the countrys reliance on coal because a huge proportion of the electricity used by the U.S. Comes from coal and coal can often produce a lot of CO2, the gas that cause global warming (according to some). For some environmentalists, nothing can save the planet. The believe, like Jensen, that human beings are psychopaths who want only to destroy the world. This is a very foolish idea and Jensen is clearly not an intelligent man. Nevertheless, the idea is out there and should be addressed. One of the great screen actors of the 20th century is surely Robert Redford. In three substantial contibutions to the history of American cinema, Redford starred in The Natural, The Sting, Three Days of the Condor and The Sundance Red. Each of these movies is unique in their own way and each tells a story about America and is moving. The Natural is a film about baseball. In it, Redford stars as man with a natural ability to play the game. He undergoes a number of trials and tribulations. The story in a sense is about success and failure in American life. It is truly moving to see how much baseball means to the main characters and how much they care. The Sting is a story about two conman. One of which is played by Redford and the other by

brave new world :: essays research papers

Brave New World: Draft   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Huxley's: Brave New World takes into consideration so much of what really goes on in the world now. From the separation of the sexes to the, still in progress, cloning of the new millenium.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today regardless of all the women's rights acts and laws against discrimination due to race or sex, women still seem inferior in some ways. There are still housewives, while not as many as there were say fifty years ago, as well as women still found stuck in the kitchen cooking dinner for the husband as oppose to the husband taking hold of the kitchen and other household duties. Women, more commonly years ago, are often time s thought of as nothing more than a way to make a baby. In older times women were nothing, but the mere way of bearing a child. While male condoms are widely available and used, it is often times the responsibility of the woman to keep up with other birth control methods such as birth control, Depo-Provera shots, abortions and other forms of birth control.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From a political standpoint, there has yet to be a female president in the United States of America. In fact male politicians out weigh the number of female politicians hands down. There are only males in charge of everything throughout Brave New World. All of the power is left to men to distribute. In fact, most directors or supervisors of big, major companies and firms are usually male. Not that a woman couldn't perform the same duties just as efficiently, women are just more commonly found lower down the working scale. In addition to the majority of higher positioned workers being men, there are a number of cases where men and women may perform equal jobs, yet the men still earn a higher salary.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another stretch of the world we live in today is the explicit use of drugs. In America there are a ridiculously high number of people who use or abuse drugs. I compared a commonly used drug such as ecstasy, shrooms or even alcohol to the very frequently used drug, soma that was used in Brave New World. Alcoholics who drink a lot here in the United States sometimes beat their wives (husbands), children or drive drunk. Sometimes people simply drink socially, such as many college students are known to do, but still get a false since of happiness that exists only while they are drunk.

History of Cricket Essay

Origin No one knows when or where cricket began but there is a body of evidence, much of it circumstantial, that strongly suggests the game was devised during Saxon or Norman times by children living in the Weald. It is generally believed that cricket survived as a children’s game. Adult participation is unknown before the early 17th century. Possibly cricket was derived from bowls Derivation of the name of â€Å"cricket† A number of words are thought to be possible sources for the term â€Å"cricket†. In the earliest known reference to the sport in 1598 (see below), it is called creckett. The name may have been derived from the Middle Dutch krick(-e), meaning a stick; or the Old English cricc or cryce meaning a crutch or staff.[2] Another possible source is the Middle Dutch word krickstoel, meaning a long low stool used for kneeling in church and which resembled the long low wicket with two stumps used in early cricket. Early 17th century Gambling and press coverage Cricket certainly thrived after the Restoration in 1660 and is believed to have first attracted gamblers making large bets at this time. In 1664, the â€Å"Cavalier† Parliament passed the Gaming Act 1664 which limited stakes to  £100.With freedom of the press having been granted in 1696, cricket for the first time could be reported in the newspapers. During the first half of the 18th century, press reports tended to focus on the betting rather than on the play 18th-century cricket Patronage and players Gambling introduced the first patrons because some of the gamblers decided to strengthen their bets by forming their own teams and it is believed the first â€Å"county teams† were formed in the aftermath of the Restoration in 1660, especially as members of the nobility were employing â€Å"local experts† from village cricket as the earliest professionals.[5] Cricket moves out of England Cricket was introduced to North America via the English colonies in the 17th century,[4] probably before it had even reached the north of England. In the 18th century it arrived in other parts of the globe. It was introduced to the West Indies by colonists[4] and to India by British East India Company mariners in the first half of the century. It arrived in Australia almost as soon as colonization began in 1788. New Zealand and South Africa followed in the early years of the 19th century.[5] Development of the Laws In 1744, the Laws of Cricket were codified for the first time and then amended in 1774, when innovations such as lbw, middle stump and maximum bat width were added. These laws stated that the principals shall choose from amongst the gentlemen present two umpires who shall absolutely decide all disputes. Cricket and crisis Cricket faced its first real crisis during the 18th century when major matches virtually ceased during the Seven Years War. This was largely due to shortage of players and lack of investment. But the game survived.Cricket faced another major crisis at the beginning of the 19th century when a cessation of major matches occurred during the culminating period of the Napoleonic Wars. Again, the causes were shortage of players and lack of investment. But, as in the 1760s, the game survived and a slow recovery began in 1815. In the 1820s, cricket faced a major crisis of its own making as the campaign to allow roundarm bowling gathered pace. 19th-century cricket International cricket begins The first ever international cricket game was between the USA and Canada in 1844. In 1859, a team of leading English professionals set off to North America on the first-ever overseas tourIn 1877, an England touring team in Australia played two matches against full Australian XIs that are now regarded as the inaugural Test matches. South Africa became the third Test nation in 1889 20th-century cricket When the Imperial Cricket Conference (as it was originally called) was founded in 1909, only England, Australia and South Africa were members. India, West Indies and New Zealand became Test nations before the Second World War and Pakistan soon afterwards in the closing years of the 20th century, three affiliate nations became Test nations also: Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe and Bangladesh. Limited-overs cricket In the 1960s, English county teams began playing a version of cricket with games of only one innings each and a maximum number of overs per innings. Starting in 1963 as a knockout competition only, limited overs grew in popularity and in 1969 a national league was created which consequently caused a reduction in the number of matches in the County Championship. The first limited overs international match took place at Melbourne Cricket Ground in 1971. It was tried simply as an experiment and to give the players some exercise, but turned out to be immensely popular. Limited overs internationals (LOIs or ODIs, after one-day Internationals) have since grown to become a massively popular form of the game The International Cricket Council reacted to this development by organising the first Cricket World Cup in England in 1975, with all the Test playing nations taking part. Increasing use of technology Innovative techniques that were originally introduced for coverage of LOI matches were soon adopted for Test coverage. The innovations included presentation of in-depth statistics and graphical analysis, placing miniature cameras in the stumps, multiple usage of cameras to provide shots from several locations around the ground, high speed photography and computer graphics technology enabling television viewers to study the course of a delivery and help them understand an umpire’s decision. In 1992, the use of a third umpire to adjudicate runout appeals with television replays was introduced in the Test series between South Africa and India. The third umpire’s duties have subsequently expanded to include decisions on other aspects of play such as stumpings, catches and boundaries 21st-century cricket Cricket remains a major world sport in terms of participants, spectators and media interest. The ICC has expanded its development programme with the goal of producing more national teams capable of competing at Test level. Development efforts are focused on African and Asian nations; and on the United States. In 2004, the ICC Intercontinental Cup brought first-class cricket to 12 nations, mostly for the first time. In June 2001, the ICC introduced a â€Å"Test Championship Table† and, in October 2002, a â€Å"One-day International Championship Table†. Australia has consistently topped both these tables in the 2000s. Cricket’s newest innovation is Twenty20, essentially an evening entertainment. It has so far enjoyed enormous popularity and has attracted large attendances at matches as well as good TV audience ratings. The inaugural ICC Twenty20 World Cup tournament was held in 2007 with a follow-up event in 2009. The formation of Twenty20 leagues in India – the unofficial Indian Cricket League, which started in 2007, and the official Indian Premier League, starting in 2008 – raised much speculation in the cricketing press about their effect on the future of cricket.[15][16][17][18] LAWS OF CRICKET Law 1: A cricket team consists of eleven players, including a captain. Law 2: a substitute may be brought on for an injured fielder but he can’t bat , bowl , act as captain or keep wicket Law 3: There are two umpires, who apply the Laws, make all necessary decisions, and relay the decisions to the scorers. In higher level cricket there is a third umpire Law 4:. There are two scorers who respond to the umpires’ signals and keep the score. Law 5: A cricket ball is between 8 13/16 and 9 inches (22.4 cm and 22.9 cm) in circumference, and weighs between 5.5 and 5.75 ouncesOnly one ball is used at a time, unless it is lost, when it is replaced with a ball of similar wear. Law 6: The bat. The bat is no more than 38 inches (97 cm) in length, and no more than 4.25 inches (10.8 cm) wide. The hand or glove holding the bat is considered part of the bat. the blade of the bat must be made of wood Law 7: . The pitch is a rectangular area of the ground 22 yards (20 m) long and 10 ft (3.0 m) wide. Law 8: . The wicket consists of three wooden stumps that are 28 inches (71 cm) tall. The stumps are placed along the batting crease with equal distances between each stump. They are positioned so they are 9 inches (23 cm) wide. Two wooden bails are placed on top of the stumps. The bails must not project more than 0.5 inches (1.3 cm) above the stumps, and must, for men’s cricket, be 45⠁„16 inches (10.95 cm) long.. Law 9: Each bowling crease should be 8 feet 8 inches (2.64 m) in length, centred on the middle stump at each end. The popping crease, which determines whether a batsman is in his ground or not, and which is used in determining front-foot no balls (see law 24), is drawn at each end of the pitch in front of each of the two sets of stumps. The popping crease must be 4 feet (1.2 m) in front of and parallel to the bowling crease The return creases lie perpendicular to the popping crease and the bowling crease, 4 feet 4 inches. Law 10: the rules governing how pitches should be prepared, mown, rolled, and maintained. Law 11: The pitch must be covered before play to protect it from due and rain. Law 12: Before the game, the teams agree whether it is to be over one or two innings, and whether either or both innings are to be limited by time or by overs. Law 13: In a two innings match, if the side batting second scores substantially fewer runs than the side batting first, the side that batted first can force their opponents to bat again immediately. Law 14: The batting captain can declare an innings closed at any time when the ball is dead. He may also forfeit his innings before it has started. Law 15: There are intervals between each day’s play, a ten-minute interval between innings, and lunch, tea and drinks interval s. There are also provisions for moving the intervals and interval lengths in certain situations. Law 16: Play after an interval commences with the umpire’s call of â€Å"Play†, and at the end of a session by â€Å"Time†. Law 17: There may be no batting or bowling practice on the pitch except before the day’s play starts and after the day’s play has ended. Law 18:. Runs are scored when the two batsmen run to each other’s end of the pitch. Law 19:. If the ball is hit into or past this boundary, four runs are scored, or six runs if the ball didn’t hit the ground before crossing the boundary. Law 20: If a ball in play is lost or cannot be recovered, the fielding side can call â€Å"lost ball†. The batting side keeps any penalty runs. Law 21: The side which scores the most runs wins the match. Law 22:. An over consists of six balls bowled, excluding wides and no balls. A bowler may not bowl two consecutive overs. Law 23:. The ball comes into play when the bowler begins his run up, and becomes dead when all the action from that ball is over. Once the ball is dead, no runs can be scored and no batsmen can be dismissed. Law 24: if the bowler bowls from the wrong place; or if he straightens his elbow during the delivery; or if the bowling is dangerous; or if the ball bounces more than twice or rolls along the ground before reaching the batsman; or if the fielders are standing in illegal places, a ball can be called no ball.. Law 25:. An umpire calls a ball â€Å"wide† if, in his or her opinion, the batsman did not have a reasonable opportunity to score off the ball. A ball is called wide when the bowler bowls a bouncer that goes over the head of the batsman Law 26:. If a ball passes the striker and runs are scored, they are called byes. If a ball that is not a no ball h its the striker but not the bat and runs are scored, they are called leg-byes. Law 27: If the fielders believe a batsman is out, they may ask the umpire â€Å"How’s That?†, commonly shouted emphatically with arms raised, before the next ball is bowled. The fielding side must appeal for all dismissals. Law 28: Several methods of being out occur when the wicket is put down. Law 29: The batsmen can be run out or stumped if they are out of their ground. Law 30: A batsman is out if his wicket is put down by a ball delivered by the bowler. Law 31: An incoming batsman must be ready to face a ball within 3 minutes of the outgoing batsman being dismissed, otherwise the incoming batsman will be out. Law 32: If a ball hits the bat or the and is then caught by the opposition within the field of play before the ball bounces, then the batsman is out. Law 33: If a batsman willfully handles the ball with a hand that is not touching the bat without the consent of the opposition, he is out. Law 34: If a batsman hits the ball twice, other than for the sole purpose of protecting his wicket or with the consent of the opposition, he is out. Law 35: If, after the bowler has entered his delivery stride and while the ball is in play, a Law 36: If the ball hits the batsman without first hitting the bat, but would have hit the wicket if the batsman was not there, and the ball does not pitch on the leg side of the wicket, the batsman will be out. Law 37: If a batsman willfully obstructs the opposition by word or action, he is out. Law 38: A batsman is out if at any time while the ball is in play no part of his bat or person is grounded behind the popping crease and his wicket is fairly put down by the opposing side. Law 39: A batsman is out when the wicket-keeper puts down the wicket, while the batsman is out of his crease and not attempting a run. Law 40: The keeper is a designated man from the bowling side allowed to stand behind the stumps of the batsman. He is the only player from his side allowed to wear gloves and external leg guards. Law 41: A fielder is any of the eleven cricketers from the bowling side.

The Primary Goals Of Airway Pressure Release Ventilation

1. What are the primary goals of Airway Pressure Release Ventilation (APRV)? Airway Pressure Release Ventilation (APRV) is an unconventional pressure controlled mode of ventilation that use inverse ratio strategy. Moreover, APRV based on the principle of open-lung approach, and it is a lung protective strategy mode. Therefore, one of the primary goals of APRV is to decrease the incident of Ventilator-induced lung injuries (VILI). Another purpose of APRV is that APRV aims to recruit the lung as well as to improve oxygenation. To illustrate, APRV creates continuous sequences of positive airway pressure that would significantly increase the mean airway pressure (Paw) which would lead to Lung recruitment and improve oxygenation. Furthermore, APRV helps to decrease the inflation/deflation process which contributes in avoiding alveolar derecruitment. In a similar way, APRV applies pressure to sustain FRC for alveolar recruitment. Finally, APRV helps patient to eliminate CO2 efficiently. On APRV, CO2 is washed during the release phase, and during spontaneous breathi ng as patients on APRV are allowed to breathe spontaneously at any time at the respiratory cycle on APRV. In Summary, The primary goals of Airway Pressure Release Ventilation are to minimize Ventilator-induced lung injuries cases, help to recruit lungs, improve oxygenation, avoid alveolar derecruitment, and eliminate CO2 efficiently. 2. Discuss the different methods of removing CO2 with HFOV. High-frequencyShow MoreRelatedAirway Pressure Release Ventilation ( Aprv )1154 Words   |  5 PagesWHAT IS APRV? Airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) is a fairly new mode of ventilation, just becoming available in the U.S. in the mid-1990’s. APRV is â€Å"inverse ratio, pressure controlled, intermittent mandatory ventilation with unrestricted spontaneous breathing and it is based on the principle of open lung approach†. (Daoud, Farag, Chatburn, 2012) The open lung approach is â€Å"concept of maximizing and maintaining alveolar recruitment throughout the ventilatory cycle by potentially ventilatingRead MoreThe Effectiveness Of Traditional Lecture And Scenario Based Learning For Training Respiratory Therapists1589 Words   |  7 Pagesnew mode of mechanical ventilation, such as Airway Pressure Released Ventilation mode, make its implementation difficult in the real critical world. Adequate staff training time is essential to improve employees knowledge and skills. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of traditional lecture and scenario-based learning for training re spiratory therapists and critical care residents at Rush University Medical Center for the use of Airway Pressure Release Ventilation (APRV). Methods: This isRead MoreProtective Ventilation And Lung Transplantation Surgery1602 Words   |  7 PagesProtective Ventilation in Lung Transplantation Surgery Providing anesthesia for lung transplantation (LT) is considered by many to be a major feat in cardiothoracic anesthesia. Some say it involves the most complex manipulation of cardiothoracic physiology, especially when cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is not used. Indications for LT include 4 primary diagnostic groupings of end-stage pulmonary disease: (1) obstructive lung disease (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); (2) restrictive lungRead MoreThe Causes Of Premature Neonates2551 Words   |  11 Pagesform of treatment to the respiratory complications in the preterm neonate is the use of ventilator support. Supported ventilation refers to the assisted breathing that is aimed at normalizing arterial blood gas (ABGs) levels and correcting any acid-base imbalance in the neonate. According to DiBlasi, for over 40 years, invasive methods, endotracheal intubation, and mechanical ventilation have been the standard methods used to deliver ventilator support in neonates with respiratory distress syndrome.1Read MorePremature Neonates Case Study2517 Words   |  11 Pagesform of treatment to the respiratory complications in the preterm neonate is the use of ventilator support. Supported ventilation refers to the assisted breathing that is a imed at normalizing arterial blood gas (ABGs) levels and correcting any acid-base imbalance in the neonate. According to DiBlasi, for over 40 years, invasive methods, endotracheal intubation, and mechanical ventilation have been the standard methods used to deliver ventilator support in neonates with respiratory distress syndrome.1Read MoreChronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (Copd; Emphysema) Patho6945 Words   |  28 Pagesspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles and does occur in the lung parenchyma in COPD patients (AARC, 2011; Rosdahl Kowalski, 2003). As a result of emphysema there is a significant loss of alveolar attachments, which contributes to peripheral airway collapse. There are two major types of emphysema according to the distribution within the acinus and they are; (i) centrolobular emphysema which involves dilatation and destruction of the respiratory bronchioles; and (ii) panlobular emphysema whichRead MoreSurfactant Replacement Therapy And The Affects On Rds And Other Pulmonary Disorders2631 Words   |  11 Pagesthen is followed by inspirations, followed by a cry showing a successful arrival to this world, but not all deliveries go as planned. There are diseases of the respiratory system. The most common disease is Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS). The Primary cause of RDS is the underdevelopment of the premature lungs states Perretta, 2015. RDS is caused by a deficiency and immaturity of alveolar surfactant with the anatomical immaturity of the premature infants lungs. The incidence of RDS increases withRead Mo reNeonatal Respiratory distress syndrome reflective practice Essay5076 Words   |  21 Pageswithin it. The experience raises a number of issues frequently encountered in daily nursing practice. Within this assignment, I will be discussing a particular pre term baby with RDS and critically analyse the use of nasal continuous positive airways pressure (NCPAP) and surfactant therapy and possible effects on baby’s outcome. Pseudonyms will be used to maintain patient confidentiality in order to keep in with the nursing and midwifery council code of conduct. (NMC 2004)The model of reflection usedRead MoreCommunity Acquired Pneumonia18251 Words   |  74 Pageswhich are basis for evaluation. 4. Evaluate the client’s responses towards the interventions. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The results of this case study are intended to give benefit to the following people concerned: To the patient, who is the primary recipient of care, that through appropriate nursing interventions with the aid of his family, he would be able to cope up to the effects of his condition. This study will give appropriate knowledge on how will be the preparation and management inRead MoreNursing Process Paper2695 Words   |  11 Pagesdescription of the client’s condition at the time of my care including medicines and other physician ordered interventions and explanation of reason each was instituted. Three nursing diagnoses will be identified for this client, each with measurable client goals, interdisciplinary interventions, and patient outcomes. This paper will also provide a comprehensive description of the client’s illness on the individual, family and society, economically, socially, spiritually, emotionally, and the effects on family

Ultraviolet Radiation - Definition of Science Terms

Ultraviolet radiation is another name for ultraviolet light. It is a part of the spectrum outside the visible range, just beyond the visible violet portion. Key Takeaways: Ultraviolet Radiation Ultraviolet radiation is also known as ultraviolet light or UV.It is light with a shorter wavelength (longer frequency) than visible light, but longer wavelength than x-radiation. It has a wavelength between 100 nm and 400 nm.Ultraviolet radiation is sometimes called black light because it is outside range of human vision. Ultraviolet Radiation Definition Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation or light having a wavelength greater than 100 nm but less than 400 nm. It is also known as UV radiation, ultraviolet light, or simply UV. Ultraviolet radiation has a wavelength longer than that of x-rays but shorter than that of visible light. Although ultraviolet light is energetic enough to break some chemical bonds, it is not (usually) considered a form of ionizing radiation. The energy absorbed by molecules can provide the activation energy to start chemical reactions and may cause some materials to fluoresce or phosphoresce. The word ultraviolet means beyond violet. Ultraviolet radiation was discovered by the German physicist Johann Wilhelm Ritter in 1801. Ritter noticed invisible light beyond the violet portion of the visible spectrum darkened silver chloride treated paper more quickly than violet light. He called the invisible light oxidizing rays, referring to the chemical activity of the radiation. Most people used the phrase chemical rays until the end of the 19th century, when heat rays became known as infrared radiation and chemical rays became ultraviolet radiation. Sources of Ultraviolet Radiation About 10 percent of the light output of the Sun is UV radiation. When sunlight enters the Earths atmosphere, the light is about 50% infrared radiation, 40% visible light, and 10% ultraviolet radiation. However, the atmosphere blocks about 77% of solar UV light, mostly in shorter wavelengths. Light reaching the Earths surface is about 53% infrared, 44% visible, and 3% UV. Ultraviolet light is produced by black lights, mercury-vapor lamps, and tanning lamps. Any sufficiently hot body emits ultraviolet light (black-body radiation). Thus, stars hotter than the Sun emit more UV light. Categories of Ultraviolet Light Ultraviolet light is broken into several ranges, as described by ISO standard ISO-21348: Name Abbreviation Wavelength (nm) Photon Energy (eV) Other Names Ultraviolet A UVA 315-400 3.10–3.94 long-wave, black light (not absorbed by ozone) Ultraviolet B UVB 280-315 3.94–4.43 medium-wave (mostly absorbed by ozone) Ultraviolet C UVC 100-280 4.43–12.4 short-wave (completely absorbed by ozone) Near ultraviolet NUV 300-400 3.10–4.13 visible to fish, insects, birds, some mammals Middle ultraviolet MUV 200-300 4.13–6.20 Far ultraviolet FUV 122-200 6.20–12.4 Hydrogen Lyman-alpha H Lyman-ÃŽ ± 121-122 10.16–10.25 spectral line of hydrogen at 121.6 nm; ionizing at shorter wavelengths Vacuum ultraviolet VUV 10-200 6.20–124 absorbed by oxygen, yet 150-200 nm can travel through nitrogen Extreme ultraviolet EUV 10-121 10.25–124 actually is ionizing radiation, although absorbed by the atmosphere Seeing UV Light Most people cannot see ultraviolet light, however, this is not necessarily because the human retina cant detect it. The lens of the eye filters UVB and higher frequencies, plus most people lack the color receptor to see the light. Children and young adults are more likely to perceive UV than older adults, but people missing a lens (aphakia) or who have had a lens replaced (as for cataract surgery) may see some UV wavelengths. People who can see UV report it as a blue-white or violet-white color. Insects, birds, and some mammals see near-UV light. Birds have true UV vision, as they have a fourth color receptor to perceive it. Reindeer are an example of a mammal that sees UV light. They use it to see polar bears against snow. Other mammals use ultraviolet to see urine trails to track prey. Ultraviolet Radiation and Evolution Enzymes used to repair DNA in mitosis and meiosis are believed to have developed from early repair enzymes that were designed to fix damage caused by ultraviolet light. Earlier in Earths history, prokaryotes could not survive on the Earths surface because exposure to UVB caused adjacent thymine base pair to bind together or form thymine dimers. This disruption was fatal to the cell because it shifted the reading frame used to replicate genetic material and produce proteins. Prokaryotes that escaped protective aquatic life developed enzymes to repair thymine dimers. Even though the ozone layer eventually formed, protecting cells from the worst of the solar ultraviolet radiation, these repair enzymes remain. Sources Bolton, James; Colton, Christine (2008). The Ultraviolet Disinfection Handbook. American Water Works Association. ISBN 978-1-58321-584-5.Hockberger, Philip E. (2002). A History of Ultraviolet Photobiology for Humans, Animals and Microorganisms. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 76 (6): 561–569. doi:10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0760561AHOUPF2.0.CO2Hunt, D. M.; Carvalho, L. S.; Cowing, J. A.; Davies, W. L. (2009). Evolution and spectral tuning of visual pigments in birds and mammals. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 364 (1531): 2941–2955. doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0044

Reflective Essay Dignity and Respect - 2400 Words

Reflective essay: Dignity and respect 10053603 Introduction The Purpose of this essay is to reflect upon an experience which relates to the chosen topic of dignity and respect, this was highlighted in my self-assessment (please see appendix) Acknowledging a persons’ dignity can contribute to their sense of good health, well-being and independence. Dignity is an essential element of high quality care and involves aspects such as respect, privacy, autonomy and self-worth (The Welsh Assembly, 2007) I have decided to use the Gibbs (1998) Reflective cycle for this essay, this framework guides you through a cycle of questions in order to provide guidance and structure when reflecting on an event or situation. The Gibbs cycle†¦show more content†¦Evaluation A good point that arose from the situation was that Mrs Clarke did not injure herself and that her severe reduced mobility was now recognised and respected due to this incident. Mrs Clarke seemed to recover quickly from the incident. Although she was initially distressed this was short lived. There were several bad points that should be acknowledged. Firstly, I think it would have been beneficial if a second opinion from a qualified member of staff was sought, this possibly would have prevented the situation from occurring. Secondly, Mrs Clarkes’ wishes were not respected, she was in a very vulnerable position and this I felt contributed to her being persuaded to mobilise against her will and better judgement. Mrs Clarke also ended up in a very awkward and exposed position on the floor and the way in which she was manually handled meant her dignity had been considerably compromised. Finally, Mrs Clarke was manually lifted back onto the bed which again potentially put her and the staff involved at further risk of injury. In addition to this, to my knowledge the incident was not reported. Analysis Although it had been mentioned in handover that Mrs Clarke was confused both Catherine and I were unaware of the reason for this. There are many causes for confusion in older people including, certain medications, environmental change, illnesses and diseases. ConfusionShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Hand Hygiene On The Care Of Patients And Problems1354 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction In this essay the focus will be on the significance of hand hygiene within the care of patients and problems relating to the compliance of this. The essay will explore legislations such as The NHS Constitutions YEAR, Nursing and Midwifery Council Code of Conduct YEAR and the 6Cs of nursing, focusing on the relevance of these in relation to hand hygiene practice. HAND HYGIENE IS... Healthcare associated infections have an impact on patients - how? 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